Raggedy Ann
Raggedy
Ann is a character
created by American writer Johnny
Gruelle (1880–1938) that appeared in a
series of books he wrote and illustrated for young children. Raggedy Ann is a rag
doll with red yarn for hair and a
triangle nose. Gruelle received US Patent D47789 for his Raggedy Ann doll on
September 7, 1915. The character was created in 1915 as a doll, and was
introduced to the public in the 1918 book Raggedy Ann Stories. When a
doll was marketed with the book, the concept had great success. A sequel, Raggedy
Andy Stories (1920), introduced the character of her brother, Raggedy
Andy. Further characters such as Beloved Belindy, a black mammy doll, were featured as dolls and characters in books.[1][2][3]
Origins
The
exact details of the origins of the Raggedy Ann doll and related stories, which
were created by Johnny Gruelle,
are not specifically known, although numerous myths and legends about the
doll's origins have been widely repeated.[4] Gruelle biographer and Raggedy Ann historian Patricia Hall
notes that the dolls have "found themselves at the center of several
legend cycles—groups of stories that, while containing kernels of truth, are
more myth than they are history. What makes this even more intriguing is that fact
that Johnny Gruelle, either unwittingly or with the great sense of humor he was
known for, initiated many of these legends, a number of which are continuously
repeated as the factual history of Raggedy Ann and Andy."[5]
Hall
further explains that according to an oft-repeated myth, Gruelle's daughter,
Marcella, brought from her grandmother's attic a faceless cloth doll on which
the artist drew a face, and that Gruelle suggested that Marcella's grandmother
sew a shoe button for a missing eye. Hall says the date of this supposed
occurrence is given as early as 1900 and as late as 1914, with the locale
variously given as suburban Indianapolis, Indiana,
downtown Cleveland,
Ohio, or rural Connecticut.[6] More likely, as Gruelle's wife, Myrtle, reported, it her
husband who retrieved a long-forgotten, homemade rag doll from the attic of his
parents' Indianapolis home sometime around the turn of the twentieth century
before the couple's daughter was born. Although the incident is unconfirmed,
Myrtle Gruelle recalled, "There was something he wanted from the attic.
While he was rummaging around for it, he found an old rag doll his mother had
made for his sister. He said then that the doll would make a good story."[5] Myrtle Gruelle also indicated that her husband "kept
[the doll] in his mind until we had Marcella. He remembered it when he saw her
play [with] dolls.... He wrote the stories around some of the things she did.
He used to get ideas from watching her."[5]
Additionally,
Gruelle did not create Raggedy Ann as a tribute to his daughter following her
death at 13 from an infected
vaccination; Hall notes Gruelle's May 28, 1915, U.S. Patent D47,789 application for the design of the prototype that became the
Raggedy Ann doll was already in progress around the time that Marcella fell
ill, and the artist received final approval by the U.S. Patent office on September 7, 1915, the same month as Marcella's death.[5] Nonetheless, the anti-vaccination movement adopted Raggedy Ann as a symbol,[7]
though Marcella died from an infected vaccination, not from the side effects of
the vaccination itself.[5]
Naming Raggedy Ann
On
June 17, 1915, shortly after submitting his patent application for the doll's
design, Johnny Gruelle applied for a registered trademark for the Raggedy Ann
name, which he created by combining words from two of James Whitcomb Riley poems, "The
Raggedy Man" and "Little Orphant Annie". (Riley was a well-known Hoosier poet and a Gruelle family friend and neighbor from the
years when they resided in Indianapolis.[6][8]) The U.S. Patent Office registered Gruelle's trademark
application (107328) for the Raggedy Ann name on November 23, 1915.[9]
Early books and doll design
Raggedy
Ann Stories (1918), written and illustrated by
Johnny Gruelle and published by the P. F. Volland Company, was the first in a series of books about his cloth doll
character and her friends.[10][11] The book's first edition also included Gruelle's own
version of the doll's origins and the related stories.[4] Two years after the publication of the first Raggedy Ann
book, Gruelle introduced Raggedy Ann's brother, Raggedy Andy, in Raggedy
Andy Stories (1920).[12]
Although
the female members of Gruelle's family may have made a small number of initial
versions of the Raggedy Ann doll in Norwalk, Connecticut, to help market the related books, Gruelle soon established
a merchandising agreement with P. F. Volland Company, his primary publisher, to begin commercially
manufacturing, selling, and promoting a mass-produced version of the doll.[4][13]
In
addition to his patent application U.S. Patent D47,789 in 1915 for the design of what became the Raggedy Ann doll,
Gruelle patented his design U.S. Patent D56,149 for a generic male doll in 1920. A short time after its
literary debut in 1920, Raggedy Andy appeared as a commercially-made doll,
marketed by Volland.[14][15]
Following
the success of the first Raggedy Ann book,[16]
Gruelle continued to author and illustrate at least one Raggedy Ann and Raggedy
Andy story each year until his death in 1938.[14] In addition to books Gruelle also wrote lyrics for musical
compositions that were published as sheet music and songbooks for children.
These works included "Raggedy Ann's Sunny Songs" (1930) which was set
to music by former U. S. Treasury
Secretary William
H. Woodin.[17]
In
his later years Gruelle collaborated with his son, Worth, on illustrations for
some of his later books such as Raggedy Ann and the Golden Meadow (1935)
and on a series of illustrated Raggedy Ann proverbs that were syndicated in newspapers.[18][19] By 1938, the year that Johnny Gruelle died, his first
Raggedy Ann book had sold more than 3 million copies.[20]
Raggedy
Ann doll sales were also growing. The P. F. Volland Company's initial order of
24 dozen dolls from the Non-Breakable Toy Company, the doll's early
manufacturer, increased to about 3,200 dolls within the first eight months of
production. With its growing popularity, Gruelle gave Volland the exclusive
rights to manufacture and sell the dolls as long as it remained the exclusive
publisher of his books.[19]
Legal challenges
In
1935 Gruelle brought suit against Mollye Goldman (Gruelle vs Goldman)
after her company, Molly-'Es Doll Outfitters, continued to manufacture
unauthorized version of the Raggedy Ann and Andy dolls. Goldman's attorney
argued that Gruelle's design patent for Raggedy Ann had expired in 1929, and
Gruelle did not apply for a design patent or a trademark for a doll
specifically named Raggedy Andy. The U.S. Patent office registered Goldman's
application for a trademark for her Raggedy Ann and Raggedy Andy dolls in 1935.
Her patent application U.S.
Patent D96,382 for her Raggedy Andy design was
granted on May 7, 1935. Goldman's versions of Raggedy Ann and Raggedy Andy
closely resembled the Gruelle-designed rag dolls, which he had authorized the
Exposition Doll and Toy Manufacturing Company to manufacture. Gruelle brought
suit against Goldman for trademark infringement in October 1936, but the case
was dismissed. He won the lawsuit on appeal in 1937. In the appellate court's
option handed down on December 23, 1937, Goldman's company, Molly-'Es Doll
Outfitters, could not legally manufacture dolls named Raggedy Ann and Raggedy
Andy. Goldman was ordered to provide restitution to Gruelle.[21]
Following
Gruelle's death in 1938, Myrtle (Swann) Gruelle, his widow, took further legal
action to secure the rights to his works, trademarks, and patents, including
those relating to Raggedy Ann and Andy. She also continued to promote Raggedy
Ann and Andy, among Gruelle's other literary characters, through the Johnny
Gruelle Company, which also published the author's books for several years. (P.
F. Volland, his primary publisher, discontinued its book publishing business
during the Great Depression.)[22]
Legacy
By
the end of the 1940s, sales of Raggedy Ann-related books exceeded 7 million
copies.[22] The Indianapolis-based Bobbs-Merrill Company became the authorized publisher and licensor for Raggedy
Ann-related literary works in 1962, and the Knickerbocker Toy
Company began manufacturing the Raggedy Ann
and Andy dolls in the early 1960s.[23] Simon
& Schuster and Hasbro claim ownership of the trademarks to the Raggedy Ann and
Raggedy Ann and Andy names.[citation needed] The
original U.S.
Patent D47,789 for the 1915 doll design, as well
as the Raggedy Ann Stories (1918) and Raggedy
Andy Stories (1920) books, are in the public
domain, their copyrights having expired.[citation needed]
The
Raggedy Ann and Raggedy Andy dolls and their related memorabilia have become
sought-after collectors' items.[24] In addition to the dolls and books, other related items
continue to be produced including adaptations of the stories into comic books,
audio recordings, animated films, and television and theatrical productions
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