White Fang
White
Fang is a novel by American author Jack
London (1876–1916) — and the name of the
book's eponymous character, a wild wolfdog. First serialized in Outing
magazine, it was published in 1906. The story details White Fang's journey to
domestication in Yukon Territory
and the Northwest Territories during the 1890s Klondike Gold Rush.
It is a companion novel (and a thematic mirror) to London's best-known work, The Call of the Wild (1903), which is about a kidnapped, domesticated dog
embracing his wild ancestry to survive and thrive in the wild.
Much
of White Fang is written from the viewpoint of the titular canine
character, enabling London to explore how animals view their world and how they
view humans. White Fang examines the violent world of wild animals and
the equally violent world of humans. The book also explores complex themes
including morality
and redemption.
As
early as 1925, the story was adapted to film, and it has since seen several
more cinematic adaptations, including a 1991 film
starring Ethan Hawke
and a 2018 original film for Netflix.
Plot summary
The
story begins before the wolf-dog hybrid
is born, with two men and their sled
dog team on a journey to deliver the
coffin of Lord Alfred to a remote town named Fort McGurry in the higher area of
the Yukon
Territory. The men, Bill and Henry, are
stalked by a large pack of starving wolves over the course of several days.
Finally, after all of their dogs and Bill have been eaten, four more teams find
Henry escaping from the wolves; the wolf pack scatters when they hear the large
group of people coming.
The
story then follows the pack, which has been robbed of its last prey. When the
pack finally brings down a moose, the famine is ended; they eventually split up, and the story now
follows a she-wolf and her mate, One Eye. The she-wolf gives birth to a litter of five cubs by the Mackenzie
River, and all but one die from hunger.
One Eye is killed by a lynx while trying to rob her den for food for the she-wolf and
her cub; his mate later discovers his remains near the lynx's den. The
surviving cub and the she-wolf are left to fend for themselves. Shortly
afterward, the she-wolf kills all the lynx's kittens to feed her cub, prompting
the lynx to track her down, and a vicious fight breaks out. The she-wolf
eventually kills the lynx but suffers severe injury; the lynx carcass is
devoured over a period of seven days as the she-wolf recovers from her
injuries.
One
day, the cub comes across five Aboriginal people, and the she-wolf comes to his rescue. One man, Grey
Beaver, recognizes the she-wolf as his brother's wolfdog, Kiche, who left
during a famine. Grey Beaver's brother is dead, and so he takes Kiche and her
cub and christens the cub White Fang. White Fang has a harsh life in the
Indian camp; the current puppy pack, seeing him as a wolf, immediately attacks
him. The Indians save him, but the pups never accept him, and the leader,
Lip-Lip, singles him out for persecution. White Fang grows to become a savage,
callous, morose, solitary, and deadly fighter, "the enemy of his
kind".
It
is at this time that White Fang is separated from his mother, who is sold off
to another Indian Camp by Three Eagles. He realizes how hard life in the wild
is when he runs away from camp, and earns the respect of Grey Beaver when he
saves his son Mit-Sah from a group of boys seeking revenge. When a famine
occurs, he runs away into the woods and encounters his mother Kiche, only for
her to chase him away, for she has a new litter of cubs. He also encounters
Lip-Lip, whom he fights and kills before returning to the camp.
When
White Fang is five years old, he is taken to Fort Yukon,
so that Grey Beaver can trade with the gold-hunters. There, when Grey Beaver is
drunk, White Fang is bought by an evil dog-fighter named Beauty Smith. White Fang defeats all opponents pitted
against him, including several wolves and a lynx, until a bulldog called Cherokee is brought in to fight him. Cherokee has
the upper hand in the fight when he grips the skin and fur of White Fang's neck
and begins to throttle him. White Fang nearly suffocates, but is rescued when a
rich, young gold hunter, Weedon Scott, stops the fight, and forcefully buys
White Fang from Beauty Smith.
Scott
attempts to tame White Fang, and after a long, patient effort, he succeeds.
When Scott attempts to return to California alone, White Fang pursues him, and
Scott decides to take the dog with him back home. In Sierra Vista, White Fang
must adjust to the laws of the estate. At the end of the book, an escaped
convict, Jim Hall, tries to kill Scott's father, Judge Scott, for sentencing
him to prison for a crime he did not commit, not knowing that Hall was
"railroaded". White Fang kills Hall and is nearly killed himself, but
survives. As a result, the women of Scott's estate name him "The Blessed
Wolf". The story ends with White Fang relaxing in the sun with the puppies
he has fathered with the sheep-dog Collie.
Main characters
Major
animal characters:
- White Fang, the novel's protagonist; a wolfdog who was born wild but becomes more dog-like after Gray Beaver domesticates him. He gets bullied by Lip-lip and was forced to become a fighting dog when he was bought by Beauty Smith. However, his life changed when a loving master named Weedon Scott buys him and takes him to his home in Santa Clara Valley in California. He eventually becomes a part of the family after saving Judge Scott from Jim Hall.
- Kiche, White Fang's mother, a sled dog owned by Gray Beaver, known at the beginning of the novel as the "she-wolf".
- Lip-lip, a canine pup who also lives in the Native American village and bullies White Fang.
- One-Eye, White Fang's father, a true wolf, who was killed by the lynx.
- Cherokee, a bulldog who was the only dog to defeat White Fang.
- Collie, a sheepdog, mother of White Fang's whelps.
- The Lynx, an aggressive feline who was responsible for killing One-Eye, but later gets killed by Kiche in retaliation.
Major
human characters:
- Gray Beaver, a Native American chief who is White Fang's first master. He is a neutral master, neither as cruel as Beauty Smith, nor as kind as Weedon Scott.
- Beauty Smith, the main antagonist of the novel and White Fang's second master; a dogfighter.
- Weedon Scott, a wealthy gold hunter who is White Fang's third master and the first one to truly show affection towards him.
- Matt, Weedon Scott's assistant who helps tame White Fang.
- Judge Scott, Weedon Scott's father who accepts White Fang as a member of the family after he saves him from Jim Hall.
- Jim Hall, a violent fugitive who tries to get revenge on Judge Scott, but gets killed by White Fang.
- Henry, a character appeared in the introduction of the novel, carrying the coffin of Lord Alfred with Bill.
- Bill, a character appeared in the introduction of the novel alongside Henry and was killed by the wolves led by Kiche.
- Three Eagles, an Indian who buys Kiche from Gray Beaver.
Major themes
Critics
have identified many underlying themes in the novel. Tom Feller describes the story
as "an allegory of humanity's progression from nature to
civilization".[1] He also expresses that "the [story's] implication is
that the metamorphosis of both the individual and society will require violence
at some point."[1] Paul Deane states that "[in the novel] society demands
a conformity that undermines individualism."[2] London himself took influence from Herbert
Spencer's words: "survival of the
fittest", as well as Friedrich Nietzsche's
idea of a "superman" (or "superdog", in this instance) and
of "the worship of power".[1]
Background
The
novel is partly an autobiographical allegory based on London's conversion from teenage hoodlum to
married, middle-class writer.[1] In writing it, he was influenced by the ideas of Herbert
Spencer, Karl
Marx, and Friedrich Nietzsche.[1] Conditions in the US also influenced the story.[1]
Publication history
Since
the novel has been published it has been translated into over 89 different
languages and released as a three-volume Braille edition.[3]
Reception
Upon
its release, White Fang was an immediate success worldwide,[4]
and became especially popular among younger readers.[5] Robert Greenwood called White Fang "one of
London's most interesting and ambitious works."[3] Virginia Crane claims that the novel is "generally
regarded as artistically inferior to its companion piece [The Call of the
Wild], but [that it] helped establish London as a popular American literary
figure".[5]
Shortly
after the book's publication, London became a target in what would later be
called the nature fakers controversy, a literary debate highlighting the conflict between
science and sentiment in popular nature writing. President Theodore Roosevelt,
who first spoke out against the "sham naturalists" in 1907,
specifically named London as one of the so-called "nature fakers".
Citing an example from White Fang, Roosevelt referred to the fight
between the bulldog and the wolfdog "the very sublimity of
absurdity."[6] London only responded to the criticism after the
controversy had ended. In a 1908 essay entitled "The Other Animals",
he wrote:
I
have been guilty of writing two books about dogs. The writing of these two
stories, on my part, was in truth a protest against the "humanizing"
of animals, of which it seemed to me several "animal writers" had
been profoundly guilty. Time and again, and many times, in my narratives, I
wrote, speaking of my dog-heroes: "He did not think these things; he
merely did them," etc. And I did this repeatedly, to the clogging of my
narrative and in violation of my artistic canons; and I did it in order to
hammer into the average human understanding that these dog-heroes of mine were
not directed by abstract reasoning, but by instinct, sensation and emotion, and
by simple reasoning. Also, I endeavored to make my stories in line with the
facts of evolution; I hewed them to the mark set by scientific research, and
awoke, one day, to find myself bundled neck and crop into the camp of the
nature-fakers.[7]
Adaptations
The
novel has been adapted into numerous pictures and sequels, animated specials,
as well as an audiobook format.[4] A television series, White Fang, was filmed in Arrowtown, New Zealand, in 1993.
Films
- White Fang (1925)
- White Fang (1936)
- White Fang (1946)
- White Fang (1973)
- Challenge to White Fang (1974)
- White Fang to the Rescue (1974)
- Zanna Bianca e il grande Kid (1977)[8]
- The Story of White Fang (1982), Shiroi Kiba Monogatari, Japanese anime film produced by Studio DEEN
- White Fang (1991)[9]
- White Fang 2: Myth of the White Wolf (1994)[10]
- White Fang (2018)[11]
Television series
- The Legend of White Fang (1992)
- White Fang (1993)
References
· Feller, Tom (January 2000). Masterplots
II: American Fiction Series, Revised Edition. 6. Salem Press. pp. 2,
975. ISBN 978-0-89356-871-9.
· · Deane, Paul (1968).
"Jack
London: The Paradox of Individualism". The English Record. New York State. 19: 7.
Retrieved March 18, 2012.
· · Greenwood, Robert
(March 1, 2011). "Jack
London's White Fang Revisited".
California State Library Foundation Bulletin. Sacramento California (99): 7–13.
ISSN 0741-0344. Retrieved March 18, 2012.
·
Crane, Virginia (March 1997). Masterplots II: Juvenile & Young Adult Literature
Series Supplement.
Salem Press. ISBN 978-0-89356-916-7.
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